Effect Of Drug Effects On The Performance System - 3109 Words

Abstract Interactions between multiple drug substances, taken in combination or simultaneously, may yield excessive risk of adverse effect. However, this increase risk is not uniform for all combinations. Some combinations may show a constant risk pattern. Collections of individual reporting of an adverse event related to adverse drug reactions have proven to be very useful. A mixture model approach is applied to AERS (adverse effect record system) data to differentiate drug combinations following different patterns. A ranking of the drug combinations is reported using their false discover rate (FDR) values. Introduction Post-approval adverse drug effects (ADEs) are a major global health concern. An estimated cost of $ 75 billion per year [1] has been attributed to these ADEs alongwith more than 2 million injuries, hospitalizations and deaths in each year in the US alone [2]. It has become an important area of research to study the effect of drug-drug interactions. For example, in treatment of cancer sometimes cytotoxic drugs are used. It becomes very important to study the effects of DDI among these drugs at all levels. Failure to recognize these effects may lead to a lot of undesired complications ranging from overdosing to undertreatment. Drug interactions can be pharmaceutical, pharmacokinetic (PK), or pharmacodynamic (PD). PK interaction occurs when a drug influences the ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) process of another drug. For example,Show MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Steroids Should Be Beneficial For The World Of Sport1226 Words   |  5 Pagesnegative view for much of history. Steroids are drugs used by athletes to become stronger and achieve a strong physique. Steroids are illegal and are strongly discouraged to be used and may be seen first expressed during high school with the introduction of organized sport teams. The perspective against the legalization of steroids believes in the many benefits of legalization. The perspective for the legalization of steroid expresses the harmful effects of steroids. My view of the subject is that IRead MorePerformance Drugs Should Not Be Legal1498 Words   |  6 PagesPerformance Drugs Should not be Legal The Center for Disease Control and Prevention did a survey on high schoolers grades 9th through 12th and found out the 4.4% to 5.7% of boys and that 1.9% to 3.8% of girls have used illegal steroids (Fernandez and Robert). High schoolers are not the only ones that take performance enhancing drugs, all sorts of athletes and even nonathletes take them. Taking performance enhancing drugs harms the human body in so many different ways like it harms the Hormonal SystemRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drug Abuse1511 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance enhancing drug abuse is a growing problem in adolescents and athletes. According to the Partnership for Drug – Free Kids, more than five percent of teens use performance enhancing drugs, or steroids increase muscle. Performance enhancing drug abuse creates addiction, the mental tension and pressure that coaches and peers bring to inferior athletes this draws teens and athletes to engage in these products, further encouraging teens to parta ke in the use of performance enhancing drugs,Read MoreEssay about Consequences of Performance Enhancing Drugs1509 Words   |  7 PagesNegative Effects to Performance Enhancing Drugs At the age of 21 Rob Garibaldi committed suicide and it is believed to be from his consumption of performance enhancing drugs. As a young boy, Rob started to play little league, trying to match his favorite sport hero, and dreaming to make it to the baseball major leagues. Prior to high school, Rob was getting pushed by his coaches he had and scouts start to follow him to have him take supplements and more things that will help him gain weight compoundsRead MoreHow Drugs Affects The Body And The Side Effects Of The Drugs1429 Words   |  6 Pagesissue of athletes using drugs in sport to enhance their performance. In my first paragraph I will be talking about the different types of drugs used in sport, how drugs effect the body and the side effects of the drugs. In my second paragraph I will be talking about how the performance enhancing drugs effect the performance of an athlete and why they do/ use the. In my 3rd paragraph I will be talking about the negative and positive effects o f drugs in sport, the main drugs I will be focusing on forRead MoreThe Effects of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Athletes996 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Athletes The risks of taking performance -enhancing drugs to improve an athletes’ performance outweighs the benefits. Along with the fact that all performance-enhancing drugs are illegal to use in sports, there are also serious side effects and addiction risks to the drugs. Athletes may choose from a variety of drugs and each may achieve different benefits. However, most of the time, athletes are uneducated in their decision to take the drugs, whichRead MoreDoping Testing Should Not Be Banned1669 Words   |  7 PagesRecreation, Business, Education,;Controversy., and Performance-enhancing Drugs). Doping was introduced into sports because people wanted to have an â€Å"extra advantage on their opponents†(Sports in America: Recreation, Business, Education,;Controversy., and Performance-enhancing Drugs). Drug testing was introduced to the world in 1968 at the Olympics (Sports in America: Recreation, Business, Education,;Controversy., and Performance-enhancing Drugs). This paper i s meant to teach the world and yourselfRead MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs ( Peds ) Should Not Be Legalized Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesused performance enhancing drugs. Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) have been used in sports for many years, and there use is one of the most important issues among professional athletes. These drugs are detrimental to the human body physically and mentally. These athletes also serve as role models, influencing the younger generation by presenting that’s it acceptable to cheat no matter the consequences. So with all to consider and the evidence that is available, performance enhancing drugs (PEDs)Read MorePerformance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned For Athletes600 Words   |  3 Pages Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned For Athletes The use of Performance Enhancing Drugs(PED) has a major impact on athletes negatively and cause many problems in sports and competitions. These PEDs should be banned for athletes and competitors on any level because they are, unhealthy and harmful to the body, give users an edge over competitors, and it diminishes the true sportsmanship of the game itself. The illegal use of Performance Enhancing Drugs lead to many unhealthy and potentionalyRead MoreAthletes Use Drugs For A Variety Of Reasons1194 Words   |  5 PagesAthletes use drugs for a variety of reasons, such as coping with stress or to enhance their quality of performance, and the effects of using performance enhancing drugs can have long term effects on an individual’s life. A commonly used drug in athletes goes by the name of anabolic steroids. The best way to help clarify your understanding of the importance of anabolic steroids is to define these steroids as a synthetic way to acquire the male sex hormone testosterone. The proper name for these steroids

All About My Mother And Art Spiegelman - 1352 Words

Pedro Almodà ³var’s film, All About my Mother and Art Spiegelman’s graphic novel Maus, both attempt to make sense of the ways in which trauma shapes families. Both texts portray trauma as a divisive force between parents and children, however the expression of that division is variable. While Maus portrays trauma as purely divisive, All About my Mother demonstrates that trauma can create as well as destroy familial relationships. The two texts reconvene on the idea that the passage of trauma from parents to children serves as a means of recovery from trauma and pain. In both narratives, distance between parents and children is created because of a traumatic experience unique to the parent. In All About my Mother, this distance is manifested†¦show more content†¦Manuela’s withdraw into a vague response and her unwillingness to discuss the trauma and events which are so significant to her and Estebà ¡n’s lives highlights the distance created between parent and child through this suffering. Trauma still behaves as an alienating force in Maus. However, the distance between Artie and Vladek is expressed in the form of Artie’s guilt, rather than insensitivity, about Vladek’s trauma. While discussing his struggle to retell Vladek’s story with his wife Franà §oise, Artie states, â€Å"I can’t even make any sense out of my relationship with my father...How am I supposed to make any sense out of Auschwitz? †¦ of the Holocaust?... When I was a kid I used to think about which of my parents I’d let the Nazis take to the ovens if I could only save one of them†¦ I usually saved my mother. Do you think that’s normal?† (14). The fact that Artie can’t comprehend his relationship to Vladek indicates his lack of understanding, and therefore distance from his father. Spiegelman s subsequent questioning of how he is to understand the Holocaust and Auschwitz, and his use of the same sentence structure in voicing those quest ions demonstrates the parallels between these two ignorances and underscores the causal relationship between misunderstanding his father and his ignorance ofShow MoreRelatedTransferal of Guilt in Maus1428 Words   |  6 Pagesare biographical comic books written and illustrated by Art Spiegelman. In these books Spiegelman tells his father’s story of survival through the horrors of the Holocaust. Spiegelman simultaneously presents an inner story of the conflict between him and his father, Vladek Spiegelman as both he and his father try to come to terms with the past, and work to have a normal life. This feelings of tension and conflict suffered by Vladek and Art in Maus I and II is caused by a transitional and reboundingRead MoreAnalysis Of Maus : A Survivors Tale By Art Spiegelman1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe graphic novel Maus: A Survivor’s Tale by Art Spiegelman (1994) is about Spiegelman’s interpretation of his father’s stories about surviving the Ho locaust. The story starts with the Spiegelman’s family current life in New York. The father Vladek, a Polish-Jewish man is unhappy with his marriage to his second wife Mala after his first wife Anja committed suicide. Vladek starts the story in Nazi-occupied Poland in the year of 1939, speaking about his experience of being a solider that was capturedRead MoreMaus, By Spiegelman, And How They Survived The Holocaust1180 Words   |  5 Pagesrenowned American cartoonist Art Spiegelman, on his best-selling graphic novel, Maus, published by Pantheon Books in 1986. The anomalous novel depicts the life and story of Art Spiegelman’s Polish born parents - Vladek and Anja Spiegelman, and how they survived the Holocaust. In his novel, the Jews are portrayed as mice, the Poles as pigs, and Germans as cats. The story alternates between the parents’ struggles and the strained present day relationship between Vladek Spiegelman and his son, includingRead MoreAnalysis Of Maus By Art Spiegelman1175 Words   |  5 Pagescartoonist Art Spiegelman. The book was originally published in 1986 by Pantheon Books. The anomalous novel depicts the life and story of Art Speigelman’s Polish born parents - Vladek and Anja Speigelman and how they survived the Holocaust. In his novel, the Jews are portrayed as mice, the Poles as pigs, and Germans as cats. The story alternates between the parents’ struggles and the present day strained relationship between Vladek Speigelman and his son, including the suicide of Art’s mother when heRead MoreSummary Of Maus By Art Spiegelman Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesMaus by Art Spiegelman is a graphic novel about a man s story of surviving the holocaust and the son was asking his father to tell this story. By itself this is a great story a man trying to survive the Holocaust against the odds and reunite with his lost love. Outside the simple exterior there is a dark theme of guilt that enhances the text from cover to cover. This theme of guilt is something that can be seen throughout the story, in a surprising number of times and an even more surprising numberRead MoreTheme Of Guilt In Maus1301 Words   |  6 PagesGuilt is a great consumer of lives, but exactly what do people know about guilt? People only know what theyve learned from experience, both theirs and others. Art Spiegelman is no exception to this concept. Throughout his graphic novel, Maus, he consistently expresses his guilt. Spiegelman experiences extreme guilt over not suffering the Holocaust, being a disappointment of a son, and for writing Maus. First of all, Spiegelman expresses constant survivors guilt over his being born after World WarRead MoreA Survivors Tale Maus II : And Here My Troubles By Art Spiegelman755 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Experience demands that man is the only animal which devours his own kind, for I can apply no milder term to the general prey of the rich on the poor† (Thomas Jefferson). In the graphic novels Maus I: A Survivors Tale Maus II: And Here My Troubles Began by Art Spiegelman, he uses animal imagery to portray the predator-prey relationship that the Nazi regime shared with the Jewish population. Based on the alienation of the Jewish â€Å"race† albeit â€Å"not human† and the superiority that the rest of the populationsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 1257 Words   |  6 PagesMaus is a tale about a young man who is in search for answers about his own life and his father’s life. Vladek Spiegelman is a survivor of the holocaust who reconnects with his son A rt Spiegelman by telling him stories of his past. Art creates a well-written comic tale about the Holocaust and the relationship he has with his father. This survivor’s tale takes you back to the Second World War to tell us a story of a Jew who hardly survived life. The story opens with Art visiting his father to getRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Maus 759 Words   |  4 PagesEtherington Dec. 3, 2014 Maus: Response Paper 1 In chapter one of Maus by Art Spiegelman, Artie sets out to visit his father, Vladek, in Rego Park after being away for nearly two years. Vladek has remarried to Mala after Artie s mother s suicide. Artie convinces his father to tell him his story so that he may write a book about his life in Poland and the war. Vladek begins his story by explaining how he met Artie s mother, Anja. In the beginning of chapter two, the honeymoon, Artie visits VladekRead MoreLife Is A Game Of Chance1198 Words   |  5 PagesVladek’s experiences in the camp show how many Jews must have felt at that time that they were abandoned by their God. Art Spiegelman is suggesting that life is a game of chance, or rather a series of events that are fated or at least influenced by a divine power. Life is governed solely by chance and why, during the Holocaust, some people survived while others did not. When Spiegelman is looking for answers, and talks to his therapist it reinforces this idea â€Å"Yes, li fe always takes the side of life

Nursing Research

Question: Write a evidence based nursing research. Answer: Introduction: Cannabis is a psychoactive drug, which is derived from Cannabis plant. It lowers down the depression through slowing the traveling of the messages in between body and brain. Large doses of cannabis give rise to produce hallucinogenic effects in the human body. Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol or THC is the active chemical in cannabis. Cannabis is consumed in three different forms, like hash oil, hashish, and marijuana, through eating or smoking (Aspis et al., 2015). In the marijuana form, cannabis will be consumed through smoking the dried plant in a bong or joint. In hashish form, the dried plant resin will be added to the foods while baking or cooking. Sometimes, the hashish is mixed with tobacco and then it is consumed through smoking. Hash oils the oil form of cannabis, which is added at the tip of the cigarette while smoking. The effects of the cannabis will be observed after an hour while eating form. However, the smoking form affects the body straight away. However, smoking cannab is leads to drawbacks in the later life. Cannabis is also available in synthetic form, which has more adverse effects than the original. Medicinal cannabis refers to the cannabis, which is prescribed to lower down the symptoms of certain medical conditions, like, epilepsy, depression, etc. it is crucial to make the difference between recreational cannabis and medicinal cannabis (Moffitt et al., 2013). Recreational cannabis is used to get 'high'. Certain legislation in Australia has facilitated the access of medicinal cannabis to lower down certain medical conditions. Critical appraisal of three papers: According to Schubart et al., (2011) the research paper "Cannabis use at a young age is associated with psychotic experiences" discusses the usage of cannabis and its association with psychotic experiences in the early age. Cannabis utilization is related to subclinical psychiatric symptoms and psychosis. For the first time users, the degree of association depends on age and dosage. This present study investigates about the association between starting age and exposure level with particular profiles of subclinical symptoms (Schubart et al., 2011). The research was performed by collecting the cross-sectional data by introducing an online version of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) from a sample of the young adult population. Quantitative analysis of cannabis exposure was measured through the age of primary cannabis age and the amount of Euros spent on cannabis each week. The result of this study shows that in a sample of 17 698 adolescents, the adolescents who ha d started the use of cannabis at the age of 12 or less, are showing 10% of psychotic symptoms (Wu et al., 2015). The study shows that using cannabis at elder stage is correlated with subclinical psychotic symptoms, and it lowers down the other negative impacts. Cannabis smoking is increasing three symptom directions, like, depressive, negative and psychotic. Therefore, after appraising this research paper critically under Research Paper Critical Appraisal Tool, it can be said that the study has focused on the aim by stating that usage of cannabis is age specific (Porter Jacobson 2013). This study has used all the valued technique to meet the aim. The result of the study is very important as it focuses on the usage of cannabis and its association with psychotic experiences in the early age. The result of this study is valid as it can be applied in the nursing study. According to Veling et al., (2008), the research paper "Cannabis use and genetic predisposition for schizophrenia: a case-control study" discusses the risk of Cannabis usage for schizophrenia. Part of the research was done trough environment-genotype interaction, and another part of this research was done through environment-genotype correlation. The investigation was done on the association between usage of cannabis and schizophrenia and the contribution of environment-gene correlation in that association. The research was conducted through case-control study of first-episode schizophrenia (Veling et al., 2008). Two matched control groups are included in this case. Between these two groups, one is siblings, and another is immigrants who have built contact with non-psychiatric secondary health-care services. The analyzing was made by stating that usage of cannabis gives rise to schizophrenia and genetic predisposition for schizophrenia gives rise to usage of cannabis. Numerical resul ts state that usage of cannabis is more often rather than general hospital control and siblings. Therefore, the research can b concluded by saying that usage of cannabis is correlated with schizophrenia, but the association of environment-genotype is not found. Therefore, after appraising this research paper critically under Research Paper Critical Appraisal Tool, it can be said that the study addressed the objective of this research partially (Degenhardt et al., 2013). This research had taken all the valid methods to address this objective. The result of this study is very important as it states about the usage of cannabis and schizophrenia. This result is applicable in the nursing research to a quit extent. According to Barrowclough et al., (2014) the research paper "A phase-specific psychological therapy for people with problematic cannabis use following the first episode of psychosis: a randomized controlled trial" discusses the usage of cannabis among the psychosis people. The usage of the cannabis among the people with the first episode of psychosis showed the worst results. The inventions to reduce the Consumption of cannabis are ineffective, and it requires a long period. The research was conducted among 110 participants with one of the three conditions, i.e. standard care, a long motivational interviewing - cognitive behavioral therapy (MI-CBT) intervention with standard care and a brief motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy (MI-CBT) intervention with standard care from an early intervention service (Barrowclough et al., 2014). The result showed that neither the brief nor the extended interventions showed the benefits regarding reducing the amount and frequen cy of cannabis usage. These interventions are not improving the clinical outcomes, like relapse, hospital admission, functioning, symptoms, etc. the onset of psychosis and cannabis use cannot improve the clinical outcomes and reduce the cannabis use. The problems are appearing because many participants are not in the active stage, and some of them are not being agreed to quit or reduce cannabis. Therefore, after appraising this research paper critically under Research Paper Critical Appraisal Tool, it can be said that the study is addressing the objective. This study has used all the valid methods to address the objective (Ycel et al., 2012). The result of this study is very important as the onset of psychosis and cannabis use cannot improve the clinical outcomes and reduce the cannabis use. The result is valid as it can be applied to the major population. Integration and implications: Three types of research had been conducted on the usage of the cannabis and the outcomes of those usages. After integrating the three outcomes, it can be said that cannabis use is age specific, and it is associated with psychosis experiences and schizophrenia. The psychosis people with cannabis use have negative impacts on the health care. The decisions of cannabis use will be made after consulting with different research and multi-professional team (Lorenzetti et al., 2015). From these research topics, it can be said that the nurses should provide the proper knowledge about the cannabis use to the patients. The first research paper highlights the fact that the cannabis use is age specific, and it is associated with psychosis experiences. Therefore, when the nurses are facing these types of patients, they have to aware of the fact. They should plan their treatment according to the data with the help of other medical professionals. In this case, the nurses have to be more aware of the dose of the cannabis and the present age of the patient. This case also highlights that the patients use cannabis at the very small age or early adolescents. So, many of these cases will be involved with the crime (Winstock Barratt, 2013). In the palliative care, the nurses should inform those patients who are using cannabis to manage professional, careers and life-limiting illness, about the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and associated laws. In the second research paper, the association between use of cannabis and schizophrenia is discussed. So, when the nurses have to be more careful while treating the patients with schizophrenia and still in use of cannabis (Silins et al., 2014). The schizophrenia is a genetic disorder, but the use of cannabis is not associated with the hereditary as per the research paper. Therefore, the nurse needs to be more sensitive to this fact. The nurse's basic duty is to keep the confidentiality of those patients who use the cannabis at their home. Patients have the right to keep the news about their use of cannabis in respect to their treatment. Schizophrenia is associated with many mental problems. These schizophrenic patients can expect that news should be disclosed with any other group without their knowledge through the means of treatment. For example, while treating the patients, the nurses need the knowledge on the interaction of cannabis in the life of the patients like any other prescribed medicine, which needs the advice of the pharmacist (Degenhardt et al., 2013). Patients will be aware of the fact that they are sharing the information for their interest, and it will increase the care. As per the third research paper, it can be said that cannabis use gives rise to many negative impacts in the patient's life. The nurses have to inform those patients about the negative impacts of the cannabis while treating them. The nurses have to provide them with the alternative ways so that they can come over from the use. The nurses can take the help from professional colleagues, professional colleagues and other nursing staffs of their institution. The nurses can send them to different therapeutic centers like mediation, rehabilitation center under medical guidance. Introducing the evidence into practice: The decisions of cannabis use will be made after consulting with different research and multi-professional team. The decisions will be informed by protocols and local service policies. Nurses are in a position of faith and trust. They should respect the confidentiality right of the people. That is a basic aspect of the nurses for their professional practice. The nurse's basic duty is to keep the confidentiality of those patients who use the cannabis at their home. Patients have the right to keep the news about their use of cannabis in respect to their treatment (Feingold et al., 2015). They can expect that news should be disclosed with any other group without their knowledge through the means of treatment. For example, while treating the patients, the nurses need the knowledge on the interaction of cannabis in the life of the patients like any other prescribed medicine, which needs the advice of the pharmacist. Patients will be aware of the fact that they are sharing the information for their interest, and it will increase the care. The people who are using cannabis to manage professional, careers and life-limiting illness while providing the care should be informed about the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and associated laws. The services and agencies, which are associated with providing the treatment, should have transparency about procedures and policies. These agencies include legal considerations when the nurses face certain patients who use the cannabis on a regular basis (Zalesky et al., 2012). This gives the clear medical information about the patients to the health professionals along with the nurses. It will encourage the nurses to take a consistent approach for the patients who use cannabis. Sometimes the nurses have to come out from the circle of trust when they come to know that the patients are at harmful risk after using cannabis. This information will be disclosed without consent when abusing and serious crime towards others need to be prevented. For example, when the nurses will come to know that the drug dealing is happening in the house of the patient then they should inform knowing the fact that it can put them at risk in the future (Fergusson et al., 2015). The nurses should judge each case of the patient individually. The case will be considered with law, procedures and local policy. This will highlight the important fact to keep the clear records. This will help in the advice given and sought, taking decisions and will help to take the information from the police. Nurses should gain the knowledge from professional colleagues, professional colleagues and other nursing staffs of their institution (Volkow et al., 2016). Conclusion: There are many pieces of evidence, which prove that therapeutic use of cannabis can improve the life quality in certain groups of patients. Still under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, the use of cannabis will be counted as criminal activity. The use of cannabis has potential consequences for the health professional, careers, and patients. Major of the nurses is in professional and moral conflict when they face the patients who want to use or use cannabis for improving the quality of life or symptom management. The nurses should be professionally responsible for being updated about the past and recent research on the therapeutic use of cannabis. Along with this, the nurses have to make clinical, ethical and moral judgments, which will be the best for their patients. These judgments also are kept with particular healthcare needs of the patient group. References: Aspis, I., Feingold, D., Weiser, M., Rehm, J., Shoval, G., Lev-Ran, S. (2015). Cannabis use and mental health-related quality of life among individuals with depressive disorders.Psychiatry research,230(2), 341-349. Barrowclough, C., Marshall, M., Gregg, L., Fitzsimmons, M., Tomenson, B., Warburton, J., Lobban, F. (2014). A phase-specific psychological therapy for people with problematic cannabis use following a first episode of psychosis: a randomized controlled trial.Psychol Med,44(13), 2749-2761. Degenhardt, L., Coffey, C., Romaniuk, H., Swift, W., Carlin, J. B., Hall, W. D., Patton, G. C. (2013). The persistence of the association between adolescent cannabis use and common mental disorders into young adulthood.Addiction,108(1), 124-133. Degenhardt, L., Ferrari, A. J., Calabria, B., Hall, W. D., Norman, R. E., McGrath, J., ... Vos, T. (2013). The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: results from the GBD 2010 study.PLoS One,8(10), e76635. Di Forti, M., Sallis, H., Allegri, F., Trotta, A., Ferraro, L., Stilo, S. A., ... Dazzan, P. (2014). Daily use, especially of high-potency cannabis, drives the earlier onset of psychosis in cannabis users.Schizophrenia bulletin,40(6), 1509-1517. Feingold, D., Weiser, M., Rehm, J., Lev-Ran, S. (2015). The association between cannabis use and mood disorders: a longitudinal study.Journal of affective disorders,172, 211-218. Fergusson, D. M., Hall, W., Boden, J. M., Horwood, L. J. (2015). Rethinking cigarette smoking, cannabis use, and psychosis.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(7), 581-582. Lorenzetti, V., Solowij, N., Whittle, S., Fornito, A., Lubman, D. I., Pantelis, C., Ycel, M. (2015). Gross morphological brain changes with chronic, heavy cannabis use.The British Journal of Psychiatry,206(1), 77-78. Moffitt, T. E., Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Poulton, R. (2013). Reply to Rogeberg and Daly: No evidence that socioeconomic status or personality differences confound the association between cannabis use and IQ decline.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(11), E980-E982. Porter, B. E., Jacobson, C. (2013). Report of a parent survey of cannabidiol-enriched cannabis use in pediatric treatment-resistant epilepsy.Epilepsy Behavior,29(3), 574-577. Schubart, C. D., Van Gastel, W. A., Breetvelt, E. J., Beetz, S. L., Ophoff, R. A., Sommer, I. E. C., ... Boks, M. P. M. (2011). Cannabis use at a young age is associated with psychotic experiences.Psychological Medicine,41(06), 1301-1310. Silins, E., Horwood, L. J., Patton, G. C., Fergusson, D. M., Olsson, C. A., Hutchinson, D. M., ... Coffey, C. (2014). Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: an integrative analysis.The Lancet Psychiatry,1(4), 286-293. Veling, W., Mackenbach, J. P., Van Os, J., Hoek, H. W. (2008). Cannabis use and genetic predisposition for schizophrenia: a case-control study.Psychological medicine,38(09), 1251-1256. Volkow, N. D., Swanson, J. M., Evins, A. E., DeLisi, L. E., Meier, M. H., Gonzalez, R., ... Baler, R. (2016). Effects of cannabis use on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, and psychosis: A review.JAMA psychiatry,73(3), 292-297. Winstock, A. R., Barratt, M. J. (2013). Synthetic cannabis: a comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample.Drug and alcohol dependence,131(1), 106-111. Wu, L. T., Swartz, M. S., Brady, K. T., Hoyle, R. H., Workgroup, N. A. (2015). Perceived cannabis use norms and cannabis use among adolescents in the United States.Journal of psychiatric research,64, 79-87. Ycel, M., Bora, E., Lubman, D. I., Solowij, N., Brewer, W. J., Cotton, S. M., ... McGorry, P. D. (2012). The impact of cannabis use on cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of existing findings and new data in a first-episode sample.Schizophrenia Bulletin,38(2), 316-330. Zalesky, A., Solowij, N., Ycel, M., Lubman, D. I., Takagi, M., Harding, I. H., ... Seal, M. (2012). Effect of long-term cannabis use on axonal fibre connectivity.Brain,135(7), 2245-2255.

Mesolithic and Neolithic Essay Example

Mesolithic and Neolithic Paper With Reference to examples, compare and contrast the impact made by Mesolithic and Neolithic peoples on Irelands cultural landscape. The extraordinary landscape that the island of Ireland has to offer, cannot be described in words. The individual on looking at the sights of the country feels a sense of ineffability. The Ice Age brought about the most dynamic changes to the physical landscape, shaping it and creating the wonderful sights of the natural land we can see today. (Although, from that time we have altered Irelands landscape, yet have not come close to the same scale of changes that were produced by the Ice Age). For all its destruction, the beautiful landscape that the Ice Age left behind played a large part in the unfolding human history of Ireland- the glacier deposits helped the land become fertile, supporting vegetation and trees which would become useful resources for the first people to arrive on the island. In addition, the heavy weight of the glaciers helped flattened areas that could then be used for building. However, it is not these natural sights, which people take notice of, Irelands economic activity has increased rapidity over the past number of years, due to the tourist attractions which have been promoted throughout the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Mesolithic and Neolithic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mesolithic and Neolithic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mesolithic and Neolithic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Mesolithic and Neolithic sites such as Newgrange Passage Tomb, Mount Sandel, Magheraghanrush in County Sligo, Deerpark Court Tomb and Cashelkeelty in Kerry attract thousands of tourists to the country, and are the constructed developments and findings created and left by the first settlers in Ireland. Around 9,000 years ago at the end of the Palaeolithic era, there began a new period in history, known as the Mesolithic Age (Greek mesos middle and lithos stone). It is during this time the first settlers came to Ireland from Scotland (It is thought that these settlers first colonized the northeast of the country from Scotland. Although sea levels were still lower than they are today, Ireland was probably already an island by the time the first settlers arrived by boat. There is nothing surprising in this, though, for most of the Mesolithic sites in Ireland are coastal settlements. Clearly, the earliest inhabitants of this country were seafarers who depended for much of their livelihood upon the sea. In some ways this economy was forced upon them, for many centuries were to pass before the treeless permafrost was transformed into a densely forested fertile land) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Early history of Ireland. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki /Early_history_of_Ireland It was at the end of this period that much of the fantastic constructions that exist still in this present age (sites such as Newgrange Passage Tomb, Mount Sandel etc ) began to emerge, from the Neolithic peoples in the Neolithic period. During this time in the islands existence, the impact of these early settlers on Irelands cultural landscape is thought to be much more significant than that of the Mesolithic people that lived before them, and it is this, which is to be discussed. Mesolithic people lived in a hunter-gatherer society, were food was caught went needed for the family (usually hunted by the dominant male(s) of the group)- evidence of this comes from the Fourth International Congress of Primatology, Portland, Oregon, Male and Female Behaviour in Primate Societies. The origin of male political power has been sought in the dominance behaviour of the nonhuman primates. Data from the living hunting and gathering peoples offer a corrective to this viewpoint. Several theorists have developed models of early human groups that placed males at the centre and females drawn in from outside through exchange networks. These models contradict the known facts about hunting and gathering peoples, among whom we find a social grouping consisting of both males and females at the centre. The burden of the hunter-gatherer evidence (along with that from primate field studies) favours a model of early human society in which females wielded considerable political power as a result of their economic independence and their ability to exercise discretion in their choice of spouse. http://www. springerlink. com/content/r615266521271760/. We can establish that the sorts of animals the Mesolithic people consumed ranged over mammals, birds and fish including, wild boar, hare, wolf/dog, wild cat, thrush, eagle, wigeon, teal, mallard, salmon, trout, eel, seabass and a variety of other species, based on the findings at Mount Sandel. (J. P. Mallory T. E. McNeill The Archaeology of Ulster; From Colonization to Plantation. 1991 P. 13).